EN： The sentence uses a non-finite present participle clause ('alarming the world's most vulnerable countries') as a supplementary participle modifier expressing result. Rather than modifying the immediately preceding noun ('report'), it refers back to the entire preceding situation (the pressure being placed on scientists to postpone the report).
中文： 句末使用現在分詞片語（'alarming the world's most vulnerable countries'）作為結果狀語。此處的現在分詞並非修飾緊鄰的名詞（report），而是修飾整句或前述整件事（即科學家面臨延後發表報告的壓力），相當於 'which alarms...' 的非限定關係子句化簡。
The central bank unexpectedly raised interest rates, triggering widespread volatility across global markets.
中央銀行意外調升利率，引發了全球市場的廣泛波動。
EN： The collocation 'face mounting pressure + infinitive (to postpone...)' combines the participial adjective 'mounting' (steadily increasing or accumulating) with an infinitive of purpose or specification indicating what action the pressure is intended to compel.
中文： 'face mounting pressure + 不定詞 (to postpone...)' 是高階新聞英語常見的慣用搭配。現在分詞轉化的形容詞 'mounting' 表「持續攀升的、與日俱增的」，後接的不定詞片語則明確指出該壓力意在迫使對象採取的具體行動。
The tech giant is facing mounting pressure from regulators to enhance user privacy safeguards.
這家科技巨頭正面臨來自監管機構日益增加的壓力，要求強化使用者隱私保護措施。
EN： The term 'petro-states' refers to countries whose economies and government revenues heavily rely on the export of crude oil and natural gas (such as Saudi Arabia and Russia). In climate diplomacy, petro-states often clash with climate-vulnerable countries (e.g., low-lying island states and developing coastal nations), as the latter bear the immediate brunt of climate disasters and demand urgent, stringent emission reduction timelines.
中文： 「產油國」（petro-states）指經濟與國家財政高度依賴石油及天然氣出口的國家（如沙烏地阿拉伯與俄羅斯）。在國際氣候外交中，產油國常與易受氣候變遷衝擊的脆弱國家（如低窪島國與沿海發展中國家）產生嚴重利益衝突；後者面臨生存危機，因而極力要求嚴格、不可推遲的減排時程。
EN： A participial clause ('Meeting this week in Addis Ababa') acts as an adverbial modifier describing the circumstances or concurrent action of the main subject ('the panel'). Because the subject of the participle is identical to the main clause subject, it creates a concise and formal opening common in journalistic prose.
中文： 分詞片語「Meeting this week in Addis Ababa」作狀語修飾主句主詞「the panel」，表示伴隨狀況或背景事件。由於分詞的主詞與主句主詞一致，此結構能使新聞報導的開篇緊湊且正式。
Gathering in Geneva, delegates are reviewing the draft treaty.
齊聚日內瓦的代表們正在審查該條約草案。
EN： The phrase 'be slated for + noun/gerund' (or 'be slated to + verb') is a formal idiom meaning to be scheduled, planned, or expected to happen at a particular time.
中文： 「be slated for + 名詞/動名詞」（或「be slated to + 原形動詞」）為正式慣用語，意為「預定、排定在某個時間發生」。
The renovated library is slated for completion next autumn.
翻修後的圖書館預定於明年秋季竣工。
EN： The non-defining relative clause introduced by ', which was slated...' provides supplementary information about the antecedent 'AR7, its seventh assessment report'. Non-defining clauses are separated by commas and cannot use 'that'.
中文： 由「, which was slated...」引導的非限定關係子句，用來對先行詞「AR7, its seventh assessment report」提供補充性說明，前後須以逗號隔開，且關係代名詞不可使用「that」。
The landmark agreement, which was ratified last year, enters into force today.
該里程碑協議去年獲得批准，並於今日正式生效。
EN： Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia and headquarters of the African Union, frequently hosts key international diplomatic and multilateral summits. In climate negotiations, developing host venues often symbolize the frontline realities facing the Global South.
中文： 衣索比亞首都阿迪斯阿貝巴是非洲聯盟總部所在地，常主辦重大國際外交與多邊會議。在氣候談判的脈絡下，選在此處開會凸顯了發展中國家（全球南方）在氣候變遷衝擊前線所面臨的現實與關注焦點。
EN： The modal 'would' is used here in a hypothetical or conditional sense ('would allow...'), expressing the anticipated outcome if the proposed timeline remains unchanged.
中文： 此處的情態動詞「would」帶有假設或推論語氣（「將會允許／使得……」），用以描述若原定時間表維持不變時預期會產生的結果。
Adopting the proposed amendments would streamline the entire review process.
採納擬議的修正案將會簡化整個審查流程。
EN： The transitive verb 'inform' is used in formal and academic registers to mean 'to impart a particular quality to' or 'to provide essential data/knowledge to guide decision-making', rather than simply 'to notify'.
中文： 動詞「inform」在正式與學術語境中常表示「為……提供依據或指導方針」或「對……產生實質影響」，而非僅僅是字面上的「通知」或「告知」。
Decades of empirical research should inform policy decisions on renewable energy.
數十年的實證研究應為再生能源的政策決策提供依據。
EN： The passive construction 'be + to-infinitive' ('are to be assessed') expresses formal scheduling, official mandates, or planned future arrangements.
中文： 「be + 不定詞」的被動結構（「are to be assessed」）用於正式語體中，表示官方排定、規定或計畫於未來進行的事項（相當於「預計將被評估」）。
The final budget proposals are to be reviewed by the board next Thursday.
最終預算案預計於下週四由董事會進行審查。
EN： The 'Paris target of 1.5 degrees Celsius' refers to the landmark 2015 Paris Agreement goal to limit global average temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Climate summits (COPs) use IPCC scientific reports to formally conduct 'Global Stocktakes' assessing whether international emissions pledges align with this critical ceiling.
中文： 「巴黎協定的攝氏1.5度目標」源自2015年《巴黎協定》，旨在將全球平均升溫控制在比工業化前水準高出攝氏1.5度以內。各屆聯合國氣候大會（COP）均高度依賴聯合國政府間氣候變化專門委員會（IPCC）的科學報告進行全球盤點（Global Stocktake），以評估各國減排是否符合該關鍵門檻。
EN： The verb 'insist' triggers the mandative subjunctive mood in a that-clause when expressing a demand or requirement. In formal English, the subjunctive uses the bare infinitive verb form ('be deferred') regardless of the subject's person or number, without modals like 'should' (though 'should be deferred' is common in British English).
中文： 動詞「insist」（堅持）引導表示要求或主張的 that 子句時，需使用虛擬語氣（Mandative Subjunctive）。在正式英語中，子句中的動詞必須使用原形動詞（此處為被動態的「be deferred」），不隨主詞人稱或單複數改變形式；在英式英語中亦可見加上「should」的用法。
The committee insists that every participant be registered prior to the conference.
委員會堅持每位參與者在會議開始前都必須完成登記。
EN： The phrase 'led by Saudi Arabia and Russia, and including India and China' consists of two coordinated non-finite participial phrases modifying 'a bloc'. 'Led by' is a past participial phrase expressing passive voice, while 'including' is a present participial prepositional/participial modifier expressing active inclusion.
中文： 「led by Saudi Arabia and Russia, and including India and China」是由過去分詞片語（led by...，表被動修飾）與現在分詞片語（including...，表主動包含）組成的並列分詞修飾語，後置修飾主詞「a bloc」，使複雜的政治背景資訊緊湊地融入單一主詞結構中。
The initiative launched by local authorities, and supported by international donors, aims to rebuild the infrastructure.
由地方當局發起並獲得國際捐助方支持的倡議，旨在重建基礎設施。
EN： In multilateral climate diplomacy, emerging economies and major fossil fuel producers often coordinate their negotiation strategies. The timing of scientific report releases—such as those by the IPCC—carries high diplomatic stakes, as delaying publication alters which global summits (like COP33) can officially debate the findings and adjust decarbonization benchmarks.
中文： 在多邊氣候外交談判中，新興經濟體與主要化石能源生產國經常聯合協調立場。聯合國氣候科學報告的發布時程牽動重大外交博弈，若推遲發布，將直接影響哪些關鍵國際峰會（如第33屆聯合國氣候變化大會）能夠正式引用報告數據並以此檢討減排目標。
EN： Negative/Restrictive inversion: When a sentence or clause begins with a restrictive expression such as 'Only by + gerund/noun', subject-auxiliary inversion is triggered in the main clause ('can developing countries contribute' instead of 'developing countries can contribute'). This structure adds rhetorical emphasis to the condition.
中文： 限制性倒裝句（Negative/Restrictive Inversion）：當句子以「Only by + 動名詞／名詞」等限制性副詞片語開頭時，主要子句的主詞與助動詞必須倒裝（此處為「can developing countries contribute」，而非「developing countries can contribute」）。此句型在正式文體中極常出現，用以強調該條件是達成結果的「唯一手段」。
Only by investing heavily in renewable energy can we mitigate the worst impacts of global warming.
唯有大力投資再生能源，我們才能減緩全球暖化最嚴重的衝擊。
EN： Parenthetical reporting clause: The phrase 'they argue' is inserted parenthetically between the introductory adverbial phrase and the inverted main clause. In formal journalistic English, reporting verbs (argue, assert, claim) are often embedded parenthetically rather than placed at the beginning, allowing the thematic focus of the statement to be highlighted first.
中文： 插入語引用子句（Parenthetical Reporting Clause）：「they argue」作為插入語，置於前置副詞片語與倒裝的主要子句之間。在正式新聞英語中，引述語（如 argue、claim、contend）常以插入形式出現，使句子能夠將具說服力或強調重點的條件（Only by...）置於句首。
Only through sustained international dialogue, experts maintain, can such disputes be resolved peacefully.
專家堅稱，唯有透過持續的國際對話，此類爭端才能和平解決。
EN： Reduced relative clause with a past participle: 'long dominated by...' modifies 'a field'. It functions as a concise participial phrase equivalent to the passive relative clause 'which has long been dominated by...'.
中文： 過去分詞簡化關係子句：片語「long dominated by...」修飾先行詞「a field」，相當於被動語態關係子句「which has long been dominated by...」的簡化形式，使論述更加緊湊俐落。
The committee established guidelines for industries long regulated by outdated legislation.
委員會為長期受過時法規管制的產業制定了指導方針。
EN： In multilateral climate diplomacy under the IPCC and UN frameworks, a persistent structural tension exists between the Global North and Global South. Developing nations, despite emitting less historically, often lack scientific research funding and representation in author panels compared to institutions in the EU, the UK, and the US. Extending timelines is frequently framed as a matter of scientific equity and inclusivity, though critics argue it can also be used tactically to delay urgent regulatory and emission-reduction targets.
中文： 在聯合國政府間氣候變化專門委員會（IPCC）與聯合國架構下的多邊氣候外交中，「全球北方」（已開發國家）與「全球南方」（開發中國家）之間長期存在結構性矛盾。歷史上，頂尖氣候模型與科學文獻多由歐盟、英國及美國的科研機構所主導，開發中國家學者在作者名單與數據引用上的話語權相對受限。因此，爭取延長評估期常被論述為追求科研公平性與代表性；然而在政治外交層面，批評者亦指出此策略可能被產油國或新興經濟體用作推遲減排審查的談判手段。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'among them members of...' acts as an appositive parenthetical element providing additional specificity about the subject 'Many vulnerable nations'. 'Them' is an object pronoun referring back to the nations, and the phrase is set off by paired commas.
中文： 介系詞短語「among them members of...」作為插入語與同位語成分，為主要主詞「Many vulnerable nations」補充具體成員細節。其中代名詞「them」指代前述國家，全句結構以逗號隔開形成附加說明。
Several European countries, among them France and Germany, pushed for stricter emissions targets.
數個歐洲國家，其中包括法國和德國，敦促推行更嚴格的減排目標。
EN： The present participle 'warning' introduces a non-finite participial clause expressing a supplementary accompanying action or subsequent consequence performed by the main clause subject ('Many vulnerable nations'). It governs a subordinate noun clause introduced by 'that'.
中文： 現在分詞「warning」引導分詞子句，表示主要子句主詞（Many vulnerable nations）伴隨發生或衍生的動作。後方接由連接詞「that」引導的名詞子句作為 warning 的受詞。
Residents evacuated the coastal areas, fearing that the storm surge would overwhelm the seawall.
居民撤離了沿海地區，擔心風暴潮會沖垮防波堤。
EN： The verb 'prove' here functions as a linking (copular) verb followed by the adjective 'disastrous' as a subject complement, conveying the sense of 'turning out to be' over time.
中文： 動詞「prove」在此處作為連綴動詞使用，後接形容詞「disastrous」作為主詞補語，表達「最終證明是／結果顯示為」某種狀態。
Initial fears of an economic collapse proved unfounded as trade resumed.
隨著貿易恢復，最初對經濟崩潰的擔憂被證明是毫無根據的。
EN： The 'High Ambition Coalition' (HAC) is an informal group of nations within the UN climate negotiations (UNFCCC), initially formed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands ahead of the 2015 Paris Agreement. It unites small island developing states and vulnerable countries alongside ambitious developed partners (such as the EU) to advocate for strict global emissions curbs, notably the 1.5°C threshold.
中文： 「雄心聯盟」（High Ambition Coalition）是聯合國氣候談判（UNFCCC）框架下的一個非正式國家集團，最初由馬紹爾群島在2015年《巴黎協定》談判前夕發起成立。該聯盟聯合了小島嶼發展中國家、易受氣候變遷威脅的脆弱國家以及部分立場積極的已開發夥伴（如歐盟），致力於推動嚴格的減排承諾與守住攝氏1.5度的升溫警戒線。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 逐步增加的、日益加劇的
在本文中： 關鍵的、核心的
在本文中： 深思熟慮、仔細商議
在本文中： 預定、排定（常以被動語態 slated for 出現）
在本文中： （利益一致的政治或國家）集團、陣營
在本文中： 延期、推遲
在本文中： 延期、延緩
在本文中： 災難性的、極其糟糕的
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To experience an increasing amount of stress, demands, or influence from others.
面臨日益沉重的壓力
A nation whose economy relies heavily on the export of oil and natural gas.
石油國家、石油經濟體
To provide knowledge or evidence that shapes, guides, or influences a decision or policy.
為……提供依據；對……產生指導性影響
To make a significant, valuable, or constructive addition to an effort or discussion.
做出有實質意義的貢獻