EN： The suffix '-prone' is added to nouns to form adjectives meaning 'likely to suffer from' or 'tending to experience' something negative.
中文： 后缀「-prone」加在名词后构成形容词，表示「易于发生某事」或「倾向于遭受某种（负面）情况」。
This area is accident-prone during the rainy season.
这个区域在雨季期间很容易发生事故。
EN： The 'to-infinitive' (to + verb) is used here as an adverbial of purpose, explaining why the school got the new playground.
中文： 「不定式」（to + 动词）在此处作为目的状语，解释学校获得新操场的原因或目的。
She saved money to buy a new laptop.
她存钱是为了买一台新笔记本电脑。
EN： In the UK, many older school buildings, especially in London, face infrastructure challenges due to climate change and urban density. 'Climate-adapted' spaces often refer to Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) which use nature to manage rainwater, a growing trend in British urban planning.
中文： 在英國，許多老舊校舍（特別是在倫敦）因氣候變遷和城市密度面臨基礎設施挑戰。「氣候適應型」空間通常指永續排水系統 (SuDS)，利用自然方式管理雨水，這是英國城市規劃中日益增長的趨勢。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle) is used here to describe a completed action that has a significant result in the present. It emphasizes the transformation that has occurred.
中文： 现在完成时（has + 过去分词）在此用于描述一个已经完成且对现在有重大影响的动作。它强调了已经发生的转变。
The city has built a new park to reduce air pollution.
这座城市已经建造了一个新公园来减少空气污染。
EN： The phrasal verb 'transform A into B' means to completely change the appearance, form, or character of something into something else.
中文： 短语动词「transform A into B」意为将某事物的外观、形式或性质完全转变为另一种事物。
The artist transformed the old garage into a beautiful studio.
这位艺术家将旧车库转变为一间美丽的工作室。
EN： In the UK, many older schools in cities like London face infrastructure challenges due to Victorian-era drainage systems and increasing extreme weather events. 'Climate-adapted' spaces are part of a growing movement to use 'Sustainable Drainage Systems' (SuDS) in urban planning.
中文： 在英國，倫敦等城市的許多老舊學校因維多利亞時代的排水系統以及日益增加的極端天氣事件而面臨基礎設施挑戰。「適應氣候」的空間是城市規劃中日益增長的「永續排水系統」(SuDS) 運動的一部分。
EN： The phrase 'used to' is used to describe habits or states that existed in the past but no longer exist now. It is followed by the base form of the verb.
中文： 「used to」用于描述过去存在的习惯或状态，但现在已不再发生。其后接动词原形。
The students used to play on the old tarmac before the renovation.
在翻新之前，学生们过去常在旧的柏油地上玩耍。
EN： The phrasal verb 'suffer from' is used to indicate that someone is experiencing something unpleasant, such as a physical illness or a persistent problem like flooding.
中文： 短语动词「suffer from」用于表示某人正遭受不愉快事物的困扰，例如身体疾病或像淹水这样的持续性问题。
Many urban areas suffer from air pollution.
许多城市地区遭受空气污染之苦。
EN： A 'Church of England school' is a state-funded school in England that has a formal link with the Church of England, often incorporating Christian values into its curriculum while following the national education standards.
中文： 「英國國教會學校」(Church of England school) 是英國的一種公立學校，與英國國教會（聖公會）有正式聯繫。這類學校在遵循國家教育標準的同時，通常會將基督教價值觀融入課程中。
EN： The conjunction 'because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that provides the reason for the action or state described in the main clause.
中文： 连接词「because」用于引导从句，说明主句中所描述动作或状态的原因。
The match was cancelled because it was raining heavily.
比赛被取消了，因为雨下得很大。
EN： The phrasal verb 'sit on' in this context means to be situated or located in a particular place or on a specific type of ground.
中文： 短语动词「sit on」在此语境下意指「位于」或「坐落在」特定的地点或某种地质基础之上。
The old castle sits on a hill overlooking the village.
那座古堡坐落在俯瞰村庄的山丘上。
EN： London's geology is famous for 'London Clay,' which is impermeable and often leads to drainage issues in low-lying areas like Barnet, especially during heavy rainfall exacerbated by climate change.
中文： 倫敦的地質以「倫敦黏土層」聞名，這種土質不透水，常導致巴內特等低窪地區出現排水問題，尤其是在氣候變遷加劇的強降雨期間。
EN： The modal verb 'would' is used here to describe a past habit or a repeated action in the past, similar to 'used to'.
中文： 助动词「would」在此处用于描述过去的习惯或过去反复发生的动作，类似于「used to」的用法。
Every summer, we would go to the beach for a week.
每年夏天，我们都会去海边待一个星期。
EN： The relative pronoun 'which' is used in a non-defining relative clause to refer back to the entire preceding clause ('Water would pool... and stay there...').
中文： 关系代词「which」用于非限定性关系从句中，用来指代前面整个从句所描述的情况（即积水并停留这件事）。
He passed the exam, which surprised everyone.
他通过了考试，这让每个人都很惊讶。
EN： Appositives are nouns or noun phrases that follow another noun to identify or explain it. Here, 'the school's headteacher' provides more information about 'Macci Dobie'.
中文： 同位语（Appositives）是紧跟在另一个名词后面的名词或名词短语，用于识别或解释该名词。在此句中，「the school's headteacher」为「麦琪·多比」提供了更多信息。
Mr. Smith, my neighbor, is a doctor.
史密斯先生，我的邻居，是一位医生。
EN： Noun clauses starting with 'how' function as the object of a verb. In this sentence, 'how bad the situation was' is the object of the verb 'described'. Note that the word order follows a statement (Subject + Verb), not a question.
中文： 由「how」引导的名词从句可作为动词的宾语。在本句中，「how bad the situation was」是动词「described」的宾语。请注意，从句的语序应为陈述句语序（主语 + 动词），而非疑问句语序。
She explained how the machine works.
她解释了这台机器是如何运作的。
EN： In the UK, a 'headteacher' is the equivalent of a 'principal' in the US. The term is used for the person in charge of a primary or secondary school.
中文： 在英國，「headteacher」相當於美國的「principal」（校長）。這個詞用於指代小學或中學的最高負責人。
EN： The 'so + adjective + that' structure is used to express cause and effect, indicating that something is to such a degree that a particular result follows.
中文： 「so + 形容词 + that」结构用于表达因果关系，表示某事达到某种程度，以至于产生了特定的结果。
The music was so loud that I couldn't hear him speak.
音乐声太大，以至于我听不见他说话。
EN： 'Had to' is the past tense of 'have to', used to express a necessity or obligation that existed in the past.
中文： 「had to」是「have to」的过去式，用于表达过去存在的必要性或义务（不得不）。
We had to cancel the picnic because of the rain.
因为下雨，我们不得不取消野餐。
EN： In the UK, 'collecting' children from school is a daily routine for parents of primary school pupils, as children of that age are usually not allowed to leave the school premises alone.
中文： 在英國，從小學「接」(collect) 孩子是家長的日常行程，因為該年齡層的學童通常不被允許獨自離開校園。
EN： The passive voice 'was forced to' indicates that the subject (the school) had no choice due to external circumstances. It is formed by 'be' + past participle.
中文： 被动语态「was forced to」（被迫）表示主语（圣约翰学校）因外部环境而别无选择。其结构为「be 动词」+「过去分词」。
The flight was forced to land early due to a technical issue.
由于技术问题，该航班被迫提前降落。
EN： The conjunction 'because' introduces a subordinate clause that explains the reason for the action in the main clause.
中文： 连接词「because」（因为）引导一个从属从句，用来解释主句动作发生的原因。
The game was cancelled because it was raining heavily.
比赛因为雨下得很大而取消了。
EN： In the UK, 'dismiss' is the formal term used when a school day ends and pupils are allowed to leave. 'Exits' refers to the various gates or doorways of the school grounds, which are often managed strictly for safety.
中文： 在英國，「dismiss」是學校放學時的正式用語。而「exits」指的是校園的各個大門或出口，為了安全起見，這些出口通常會受到嚴格管理。
EN： The past participle 'named' is used here as a reduced relative clause (short for 'who was named') to modify the noun 'parent governor'. It functions like an adjective to provide more information about the person.
中文： 过去分词「named」在此处用作简化关系从句（原为「who was named」），用来修饰名词「parent governor」（家长校董）。它的功能类似形容词，提供关于该人物的进一步信息。
A boy named Jack found the lost wallet.
一个名叫杰克的男孩找到了遗失的钱包。
EN： The idiom 'take the lead' means to be the first to start doing something or to take control of a situation to guide others.
中文： 短语「take the lead」意为「带头」或「领先」，指率先开始做某事，或在某种情况下取得控制权以引导他人。
Our company decided to take the lead in reducing plastic waste.
我们公司决定在减少塑料废弃物方面采取领先行动。
EN： In the UK, a 'parent governor' is a parent elected to the school's governing body. They play a crucial role in decision-making and representing the interests of parents in school management, reflecting the high level of community involvement in British schools.
中文： 在英國，「parent governor」（家長校董）是指被選入學校管理委員會的家長。他們在決策中扮演重要角色，並在學校管理中代表家長的利益，這反映了英國學校中高度的社區參與度。
EN： The conjunction 'Because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that provides the reason for the action in the main clause. In formal writing, when the 'Because' clause comes first, it is followed by a comma.
中文： 连接词「Because」用于引导从句，提供主句动作的原因。在正式写作中，当「Because」引导的从句放在句首时，后面必须加上逗号。
Because it was raining, we decided to stay home.
因为下雨，我们决定待在家里。
EN： The phrase 'be able to' is used to express ability or possibility, often implying that something was achieved despite challenges. In this sentence, 'was able to' indicates a successful outcome in the past.
中文： 短语「be able to」用于表达能力或可能性，通常暗示尽管面临挑战仍达成了某事。在本句中，「was able to」表示过去的一个成功结果。
After months of practice, she was able to run a marathon.
经过几个月的练习，她终于能够跑完马拉松。
EN： In the UK, schools in high-risk environmental areas can apply for specific government grants for 'climate adaptation'. This reflects the UK government's increasing focus on urban resilience against climate change, especially in historic cities like London where drainage can be an issue.
中文： 在英國，位於高環境風險地區的學校可以申請政府特定的「氣候適應」撥款。這反映了英國政府日益重視城市應對氣候變遷的韌性，特別是在像倫敦這樣排水系統可能面臨挑戰的歷史城市。
EN： The phrase 'enlist the help of someone' means to ask for and get help or support from a person or organization, often for a specific project or cause.
中文： 短语「enlist the help of someone」意为寻求并获得某人或某个机构的帮助或支持，通常是为了特定的计划或目标。
The local council enlisted the help of volunteers to clean up the park.
地方议会寻求志愿者的帮助来清理公园。
EN： A relative clause starting with 'that' is used here as an adjective to provide more information about the noun 'charity'. This is a defining relative clause.
中文： 这里使用由「that」引导的关系从句作为形容词，用来提供关于名词「charity」（慈善机构）的更多信息。这被称为限定性关系从句。
She works for a company that develops educational software.
她在一家开发教育软件的公司工作。
EN： The organization 'Trees for Cities' is a real UK-based charity. In urban planning, 'green spaces' are increasingly seen as essential infrastructure for climate resilience, not just for aesthetics.
中文： 「城市樹木協會」是英國真實存在的慈善機構。在都市規劃中，「綠地」越來越被視為應對氣候變遷的必要基礎設施，而不僅僅是為了美觀。
EN： The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') or a 'to-infinitive'. Both 'help schools adapt' and 'help schools to adapt' are grammatically correct, though the bare infinitive is more common in modern English.
中文： 动词「help」（帮助）后面可以接宾语，然后再接不带 to 的不定式（原形动词）或带 to 的不定式。例如「help schools adapt」和「help schools to adapt」皆正确，但在现代英语中，省略 to 的用法更为常见。
The teacher helps the students understand the lesson.
老师帮助学生理解课程内容。
EN： The verb 'adapt' is often followed by the preposition 'to' to indicate the thing or situation one is adjusting to. It is an intransitive use here, meaning 'to change behavior or ideas to deal with a new situation'.
中文： 动词「adapt」（适应）通常后接介词「to」，用来表示所要适应的事物或情况。这里是不及物用法，意指「改变行为或观念以应对新情况」。
It takes time to adapt to a new environment.
适应新环境需要时间。
EN： The 'climate crisis' is a term increasingly used by media and environmental organizations instead of 'climate change' to emphasize the urgency and severity of the global environmental situation.
中文： 「氣候危機」（climate crisis）是媒體和環保組織越來越常使用的詞彙，用以取代較為中性的「氣候變遷」（climate change），旨在強調全球環境形勢的緊迫性和嚴重性。
EN： Appositives are nouns or noun phrases that follow another noun to provide additional information or identification. In this sentence, 'a landscape architect at Trees for Cities' identifies who Alfie Davies is.
中文： 同位语（Appositives）是紧跟在另一个名词后面的名词或名词短语，用于提供额外信息或身份说明。在本句中，「a landscape architect at Trees for Cities」说明了阿尔菲·戴维斯的身份。
Mr. Smith, my favorite teacher, is retiring next month.
史密斯先生，我最喜欢的老师，下个月要退休了。
EN： The past tense of the irregular verb 'lead' is 'led'. It is used here to describe a completed action in the past.
中文： 不规则动词「lead」（领导/带领）的过去式是「led」。这里用来描述过去已经完成的动作。
She led the team to victory in last year's competition.
她在去年的比赛中带领团队赢得了胜利。
EN： Trees for Cities is a real UK-based charity that focuses on improving lives by planting trees in cities. In the UK, many schools are historically linked to the Church of England, which is why 'St John's Church of England school' includes a religious reference in its name, though they serve the general community.
中文： 「城市樹木協會」是一個總部位於英國的真實慈善機構，致力於透過在城市植樹來改善生活。在英國，許多學校在歷史上與英國國教會（Church of England）有聯繫，這就是為什麼「聖約翰英國國教會學校」的校名中包含宗教參考，儘管它們也為一般社區提供服務。
EN： The sentence uses a 'that-clause' as a noun clause to function as the direct object of the verb 'explained'. This structure is commonly used to report what someone said or thought.
中文： 本句使用「that 从句」作为名词从句，担任动词「explained」（解释）的直接宾语。这种结构常用于转述某人的言论或想法。
She said that the project was a success.
她说那个计划很成功。
EN： The phrase 'had to' is the past tense of 'have to', indicating a necessity or obligation that existed in the past.
中文： 短语「had to」是「have to」的过去式，表示过去存在的必要性或义务（必须）。
We had to leave early because of the rain.
因为下雨，我们当时必须提早离开。
EN： In the context of urban planning and school design in the UK, 'functional' often implies a balance between safety, durability, and the specific developmental needs of children, especially in climate-resilient projects led by charities like Trees for Cities.
中文： 在英國的城市規劃與學校設計背景下，「functional」（功能性）通常意味著在安全性、耐用性與兒童特定發展需求之間取得平衡，特別是在由「城市樹木協會」等慈善機構領導的氣候適應計畫中。
EN： The phrase 'take something away from someone' is a phrasal verb meaning to remove something or deprive someone of something.
中文： 短语「take something away from someone」是一个短语动词，意思是移走某物或剥夺某人的某物。
The teacher took the phone away from the student.
老师没收了学生的手机。
EN： The relative clause 'they can use' modifies the pronoun 'something'. In English, the relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' is often omitted when it functions as the object of the clause.
中文： 关系从句「they can use」修饰代词「something」。在英语中，当关系代词（如 that 或 which）在从句中担任宾语时，通常会被省略。
This is the book I bought yesterday.
这是我昨天买的那本书。
EN： In urban planning and school design, there is a strong emphasis on 'functional play'. This means that every element of a playground, even environmental features like rain gardens, should serve a purpose for the children's development and enjoyment.
中文： 在城市規劃和學校設計中，非常強調「功能性遊戲」。這意味著操場上的每一個元素，甚至是像雨水花園這樣的環保設施，都應該為兒童的發展和樂趣服務。
EN： The First Conditional is used to talk about things which might happen in the future. It uses 'if' + present simple, followed by 'will' + base verb to show the likely result.
中文： 第一类条件句（First Conditional）用于讨论未来可能发生的情况及其结果。结构为「if + 一般现在时」，后接「will + 动词原形」来表示可能的结果。
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.
如果明天下雨，我们就会待在家里。
EN： The phrasal verb 'look after' means to take care of or be responsible for something or someone.
中文： 短语动词「look after」意为「照顾」或「照看」，指对某人或某物负起维护或关怀的责任。
Please look after my plants while I am on holiday.
我度假期间请帮我照看我的植物。
EN： In educational design, there is a strong belief that 'ownership' leads to better maintenance. If students feel a space belongs to them and is useful, they are more likely to respect and care for it, reducing vandalism or neglect.
中文： 在教育設計領域，有一種強烈的觀念認為「歸屬感」會帶來更好的維護。如果學生覺得某個空間屬於他們且對他們有用，他們就更有可能尊重並愛護它，從而減少破壞或忽視。
EN： The phrase 'with [something] in mind' is an idiomatic prepositional phrase used to indicate that a specific thought or purpose is being considered while performing an action.
中文： 短语「with [something] in mind」是一个惯用介词短语，用来表示在执行某项动作时，心中正考量着某个特定的想法或目的。
With the deadline in mind, she worked late into the night.
考虑到截止日期，她工作到了深夜。
EN： The word 'that' introduces a relative clause (adjective clause) to provide more information about the noun 'stepping logs'. In this case, 'that' acts as the subject of the clause.
中文： 单词「that」引导一个关系从句（形容词从句），用来提供关于名词「stepping logs」（踏木）的更多信息。在这种情况下，「that」作为该从句的主语。
I bought a book that explains how to garden.
我买了一本解释如何园艺的书。
EN： A 'rain garden' is an environmentally friendly landscaping feature designed to manage stormwater runoff. It uses native plants and soil to soak up rain, preventing flooding in urban areas like London.
中文： 「雨水花園」（rain garden）是一種環保的景觀設計，旨在管理雨水逕流。它利用原生植物和土壤來吸收雨水，防止像倫敦這樣的城市地區發生淹水。
EN： The verb 'enjoy' is followed by a gerund (verb + -ing) when expressing an activity that someone likes doing.
中文： 动词「enjoy」（享受/喜欢）后面接动名词（V-ing），用来表达某人喜欢进行的活动。
The students enjoy playing football after school.
学生们喜欢在放学后踢足球。
EN： A relative clause starting with 'that' is used here to provide more information about the noun 'soil beds'. The verbs 'contain' and 'help' both refer back to the soil beds.
中文： 这里使用以「that」引导的关系从句来提供关于名词「soil beds」（土床）的更多信息。动词「contain」（包含）和「help」（帮助）都指向前面的土床。
I bought a book that explains history and provides maps.
我买了一本解释历史并提供地图的书。
EN： Rain gardens are a sustainable drainage system (SuDS) increasingly used in UK urban planning to manage surface water and prevent flooding in cities like London, which face challenges from heavy rainfall and non-porous surfaces.
中文： 雨水花園（Rain gardens）是一種永續排水系統（SuDS），在英國城市規劃中越來越常用於管理地表水，以防止像倫敦這樣面臨強降雨和不透水地面挑戰的城市發生洪水。
EN： Present Perfect Passive: Formed using 'has/have + been + past participle'. It describes an action that started in the past and has a result in the present, focusing on the person or thing receiving the action.
中文： 现在完成时的被动语态：由「has/have + been + 过去分词」构成。用于描述从过去开始并对现在产生影响的动作，且强调动作的承受者。
The new library has been opened by the principal.
新图书馆已经由校长主持开幕了。
EN： The Passive Voice with 'by': In passive sentences, the 'agent' (the person or thing performing the action) is introduced using the preposition 'by'.
中文： 被动语态中的「by」：在被动句中，执行动作的主体（施事者）通常由介词「by」引导。
The cake was eaten by the dog.
蛋糕被那只狗吃掉了。
EN： In British English, 'school community' refers not just to the students and teachers, but also to parents, governors, and local residents who are involved with the school's environment and activities.
中文： 在英國英語中，「school community」(學校社群) 不僅指學生和老師，還包括家長、校董以及參與學校環境與活動的當地居民。
EN： The sentence uses 'said' followed by an omitted 'that' to introduce a noun clause (reported speech). The present perfect tense 'have put' indicates that the action started in the past and has a result in the present.
中文： 本句使用动词「said」引导一个省略了「that」的名词从句（间接引语）。从句中使用了现在完成时「have put」，表示动作发生在过去且对现在产生了影响。
The teacher said the students have finished their homework.
老师说学生们已经完成了作业。
EN： The phrasal verb 'put something up' means to increase the level or amount of something.
中文： 短语动词「put something up」在这里的意思是提高或增加某事物的程度或数量。
The store has put the prices up this month.
这家商店这个月调高了价格。
EN： In British English, 'headteacher' is the standard term for the person in charge of a school, whereas in American English, 'principal' is more commonly used.
中文： 在英式英語中，「headteacher」是學校負責人的標準稱呼，而在美式英語中，則更常用「principal」一詞。
EN： The conjunction 'while' is used here to express two actions happening simultaneously. When followed by a present participle (-ing), it often implies that the subject of the main clause is performing both actions.
中文： 连接词「while」在此用于表达两个动作同时发生。当后面接现在分词（-ing）时，通常隐含主句的主语同时在执行这两项动作。
She listened to music while doing her homework.
她一边做作业一边听音乐。
EN： The 'that' clause functions as a noun clause serving as the direct object of the verb 'shows'. It introduces a complete statement or fact that is being demonstrated.
中文： 「that」引导的名词从句作为动词「shows」的直接宾语。它引出了一个被证明的完整陈述或事实。
Research shows that regular exercise improves mental health.
研究显示，规律运动能改善心理健康。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 容易发生水灾的
在本文中： 使彻底改观、转化
在本文中： 吸收（液体、气体等）
在本文中： （建筑物的）地基
在本文中： 严重的、剧烈的
在本文中： 解散、放学
在本文中： 基础设施、公共建设
在本文中： 争取、请求（帮助或支持）
在本文中： 实用的、功能性的
在本文中： 实际的、切实可行的
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A garden designed to absorb and filter rainwater runoff from hard surfaces.
雨水花园
To take a position of leadership or control in a project or activity.
带头、领军、主导
Modified or designed to withstand the effects of climate change.
适应气候变化的
To take care of or be responsible for something or someone.
照料、维护
Land that is at or near sea level and often prone to flooding.
低洼地区