EN： Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The relative pronoun 'which' is used to refer to things or concepts.
中文： 非限定性关系从句（又称非限制性关系从句）用于对先行词（名词）进行补充说明，提供非必要的额外信息。这类从句前后必须使用逗号与主句隔开。关系代词 'which' 用于指代事物或概念。
The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting.
那本书（我昨天买的）非常有趣。
EN： The verb 'take' is commonly used to express the amount of time required to complete an activity. The structure is often '[Something] takes [time]' or 'It takes [time] to do [something]'.
中文： 动词 'take' 常用于表示完成某项活动所需的时间。常见结构为「[某事] 花费 [时间]」或「It takes [时间] to do [某事]」。
The flight took five hours.
航程花了五个小时。
EN： The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces possessive adjectives (like 'his', 'her', 'their') and connects a relative clause to a noun (the antecedent). In this sentence, 'whose' refers to 'an architect' and possesses 'ideas'.
中文： 关系代词「whose」用于表示所有格（所属关系）。它取代了所有格形容词（如 his、her、their），并将定语从句连接到先行词（名词）。在本句中，「whose」指代「an architect」（一位建筑师），并修饰其拥有的「ideas」（想法）。
I know a writer whose books are very popular.
我认识一位他的书很受欢迎的作家。
EN： The past simple tense ('met', 'changed') is used to describe completed actions that happened at a specific time in the past.
中文： 一般过去时（如本句中的 met 和 changed）用于描述在过去特定时间已经完成的动作或状态。
She visited a museum that opened last year.
她参观了一家去年开业的博物馆。
EN： Preposition + Relative Pronoun ('in which'): In formal English, a preposition (like 'in') can be placed before the relative pronoun 'which' to introduce a relative clause. This structure is equivalent to using 'where' to describe a place.
中文： 介词 + 关系代词（in which）：在正式英文中，介词（如 in）可以放在关系代词 which 之前来引导关系从句。此结构相当于使用关系副词 where 来修饰地点。
This is the room in which the meeting will be held.
这就是将要举行会议的房间。
EN： The Adverb 'once' for Past States: The adverb 'once' is used here to mean 'at some time in the past' or 'formerly', indicating a state or action that no longer exists.
中文： 副词 once 表示过去的状态：此处的副词 once 意为「曾经」或「以前」，用以表示过去存在但现在已不复存在的状态或动作。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using commas) provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. If removed, the sentence still makes complete sense. The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession, indicating that the roof belongs to the temple.
中文： 非限定性关系从句（使用逗号隔开）用于对先行词（名词）提供额外的、非必要的补充说明。即使将此从句删除，主句的意思依然完整。关系代词 'whose' 表示所有格，指代「这座寺庙的」屋顶。
The book, whose cover is blue, belongs to my sister.
这本书（它的书皮是蓝色的）是我姐姐的。
EN： The verb 'shines' is used here with the noun 'gold' functioning as an adverbial modifier (or object complement) to describe the color or manner of shining, meaning 'shines with a golden color'.
中文： 动词 'shines'（闪耀）在此处与名词 'gold'（黄金）连用，'gold' 在此作副词性修饰语，用来描述闪耀的颜色或状态，意指「闪耀着金色的光芒」。
EN： The structure 'preposition + relative pronoun' (for which) is used in formal English to introduce relative clauses. The preposition 'for' is determined by the phrasal verb or adjective pattern in the relative clause—in this case, 'be known for' (以……聞名). Instead of leaving 'for' at the end ('which the town is known for'), it is placed before 'which' for a more formal tone.
中文： 「介词 + 关系代词」（如 for which）常用于正式英文中以引导关系从句。介词（此处为 for）是由关系从句中的短语动词或形容词搭配决定——在本句中为「be known for」（以……闻名）。为了使语气更为正式，会将介词 for 移至关系代词 which 之前，而非留在句尾（which the town is known for）。
This is the project for which he was responsible.
这就是他所负责的项目。
EN： The passive structure 'be known' is used to express what someone or something is famous for. When followed by the preposition 'for', it indicates the reason for the fame (e.g., a feature, achievement, or landmark).
中文： 被动结构「be known」用于表达某人或某事因何而闻名。当后面接介词「for」时，表示闻名的原因（例如：某个特征、成就或地标）。
The city is known for its beautiful canals.
这座城市以其美丽的运河而闻名。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main clause by commas. If removed, the sentence still makes complete grammatical sense.
中文： 非限制性定语从句（使用 'which'）用于对先行词（名词）进行补充说明，提供非必要的额外信息。此从句前后须加上逗号与主句隔开。若将其省略，主句的意思依然完整。
The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting.
这本书（我昨天买的）非常有趣。
EN： The simple past tense ('opened') is used to describe an action that was completed at a specific time in the past (indicated here by the time expression 'last year').
中文： 一般过去时（在此为 'opened'）用于描述在过去特定时间点（如此处的时间状语 'last year'）已经完成的动作或状态。
The store opened two hours ago.
那家店在两小时前开张了。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. If you remove this clause, the sentence still makes complete grammatical sense.
中文： 非限定性关系从句（又称非限制性关系从句）用于对先行词进行补充说明，提供额外且非必要的信息。此类从句前后必须使用逗号与主句隔开。若将其省略，主句的意思依然完整且明确。
My English teacher, who loves coffee, always arrives early.
我的英语老师（他很爱喝咖啡）总是早到。
EN： The relative pronoun 'whose' is a possessive relative pronoun used to show ownership or association. It replaces possessive adjectives like 'his', 'her', 'their', or 'its', and is followed immediately by a noun ('whose work').
中文： 关系代词「whose」为所有格关系代词，用来表示所有关系（……的）。它取代了「his」、「her」、「their」或「its」等所有格形容词，后面必须紧接一个名词（如本句中的「whose work」）。
I met a writer whose book became a bestseller.
我遇到了一位作家，他的书成了畅销书。
EN： The structure 'preposition + relative pronoun' (in which) is used in formal English to introduce a relative clause. 'In which' functions as an adverbial of place, equivalent to 'where', indicating that the action in the relative clause took place inside that specific location.
中文： 「介词 + 关系代词」（如 in which）常用于正式英文中，用来引导关系从句。「In which」在此处相当于关系副词「where」，表示关系从句中的动作是在该特定地点内发生。
This is the room in which the meeting will be held.
这就是将要举行会议的房间。
EN： The verb 'found' is the past tense of 'find'. In this context, 'find peace' is a common collocation meaning to achieve a state of calm, tranquility, or mental quietude after a period of search or struggle.
中文： 动词「found」是「find」的过去式。在此语境中，「find peace」（寻得平静）是一个常见的搭配词组，表示在经历一段寻找或挣扎后，获得内心平静、安宁的状态。
EN： In English literature and landscape design, 'gardens' are historically associated with sanctuary, contemplation, and spiritual restoration. Using 'in which she found peace' elevates the garden from a physical space to a psychological refuge.
中文： 在英文文學與景觀設計中，「花園」（garden）歷史上常與避難所、沉思及心靈修復聯繫在一起。使用「in which she found peace」將花園從一個單純的物理空間，昇華為精神上的避風港。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main clause by commas, and 'which' cannot be replaced by 'that'.
中文： 非限制性定语从句（使用 'which'）用于对先行词（名词）提供额外的、非必要的补充说明。这类从句前后须加上逗号与主句隔开，且其中的关系代词 'which' 不能用 'that' 替换。
The hotel, which was built in 1920, has a beautiful garden.
这家酒店建于 1920 年，拥有一个美丽的花园。
EN： The verb 'face' can be used transitively to mean 'to have the front pointing towards a specific direction or place'.
中文： 动词 'face' 可用作及物动词，表示「面向」或「朝向」某个特定的方向或地点。
Our classroom faces the playground.
我们的教室面向操场。
EN： The preposition + relative pronoun structure ('in which') is used in formal English to introduce a relative clause. 'In which' functions as an adverbial of place, equivalent to 'where', indicating that the action of the relative clause happens inside the noun being modified (the house).
中文： 「介词 + 关系代词」（in which）的结构常用于正式英文中，用来引导关系从句。「in which」在此相当于关系副词「where」，表示关系从句中的动作发生在所修饰的名词（房子）内部。
This is the box in which she keeps her old photos.
这就是她用来存放旧照片的盒子。
EN： The verb 'fill' is a transitive verb here, meaning 'to make something full'. In this sentence, 'light' is the singular subject, so the verb takes the third-person singular ending '-s' ('fills') in the simple present tense.
中文： 动词「fill」在此处为及物动词，意思是「使…充满」。在本句中，「light」（光线）为单数主语，因此在一般现在时中，动词须加上第三人称单数词尾「-s」（fills）。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses with 'whose' are used to add extra, non-essential information about possession or relationship. The clause is separated from the main sentence by commas, and 'whose' functions as a possessive relative pronoun modifying the noun that follows it.
中文： 使用 'whose' 的非限制性关系从句用于对所有关系或归属进行补充说明（非必要信息）。该从句前后需使用逗号与主句隔开，'whose' 作为所有格关系代词，修饰其后紧接的名词。
The castle, whose history dates back to the 12th century, is open to the public.
这座城堡（其历史可追溯至12世纪）对外开放。
EN： The verb 'take' is used here to mean 'to require' or 'to demand' a certain amount of effort, skill, or time to complete something.
中文： 动词 'take' 在此处表示「需要」或「花费」特定的努力、技术或时间来完成某事。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main clause by commas. If removed, the sentence still makes complete sense.
中文： 非限定性关系从句（使用 'which'）用于对先行词（名词）提供额外的、非必要的补充说明。这类从句前后必须使用逗号与主句隔开。若将其省略，主句的意思依然完整且明确。
The library, which was built in 1920, is being renovated.
这间图书馆正在进行翻修，它建于 1920 年。
EN： The metaphor 'the heart of [place]' is used to describe the central, most important, or most active part of a town, city, or organization.
中文： 隐喻「the heart of [地方]」（……的心脏/核心）用来形容一个城镇、城市或组织中最中心、最重要或最繁华活跃的部分。
The market square is the heart of the village.
市集广场是这个村庄的核心地带。
EN： In many European and Western towns, the 'town square' (or plaza) historically served as the physical and social center of community life, where markets, festivals, and public meetings took place. Describing it as 'the heart of town' reflects this traditional layout.
中文： 在許多歐洲與西方城鎮中，「城鎮廣場」（town square）在歷史上一直是社區生活的物理與社交中心，市集、節慶和公共集會皆在此舉行。將其形容為「鎮上的核心（心臟）」，反映了這種傳統的空間與社會結構。
EN： The relative pronoun 'who' is used to introduce a defining relative clause ('who made them') that modifies the noun 'people'. It acts as the subject of the verb 'made' within the relative clause.
中文： 关系代词「who」用于引导限定修饰名词「people」（人们）的定语从句（形容词从句）「who made them」。在此定语从句中，「who」担任动词「made」的主语。
I met a traveler who visited all seven continents.
我遇到了一位去过所有七大洲的旅行者。
EN： The phrase 'tell someone much about something' uses 'much' as a pronoun meaning 'a great deal of information'. It is a common pattern used to describe how something reveals significant insights.
中文： 短语「tell someone much about something」中，将「much」用作代词，表示「许多信息或事情」。这是一个常用句型，用来描述某事物如何透露出重要的见解或内幕。
This book tells us much about ancient history.
这本书告诉了我们许多关于古代历史的事。
EN： This sentence reflects a common philosophical perspective in Western architecture and history: that buildings are not just physical structures, but cultural artifacts that reveal the values, technology, and social structure of the civilization that created them.
中文： 這句話反映了西方建築與歷史學中一個常見的哲學觀點：建築不僅僅是物理結構，更是文化的人造產物，能透露出創造它們的文明之價值觀、技術和社會結構。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses with 'whose' are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun's possession. 'Whose' functions as a possessive relative pronoun (meaning 'of which' or 'its' in this context) and is preceded and followed by commas in non-defining clauses.
中文： 使用「whose」的非限制性关系从句，用于对先行词的领属关系补充额外、非必要的说明。在此句中，「whose」作为所有格关系代词（相当于「它的」），且非限制性从句前后需加上逗号与主句隔开。
The old library, whose roof was damaged in the storm, is now closed.
那间旧图书馆（其屋顶在暴风雨中受损）目前关闭中。
EN： The passive voice construction 'be covered in/with' is used to describe a state where a surface is completely spread or filled with something. 'In' often emphasizes the medium or material of the covering.
中文： 被动语态结构「be covered in/with」（被……所覆盖/填满）用于描述某个表面完全被某物覆盖的状态。介词使用「in」时，通常强调覆盖的媒介或材料。
The hills were covered in snow.
山丘被白雪覆盖。
EN： Preposition + Relative Pronoun ('for whom'): In formal English, when a relative pronoun (whom) is the object of a preposition (for), the preposition is often placed directly before the relative pronoun. 'Whom' is used instead of 'who' because it acts as the object of the preposition.
中文： 介词 + 关系代词（for whom）：在正式英语中，当关系代词（whom）作为介词（for）的宾语时，介词通常直接放在关系代词之前。此处使用「whom」而非「who」，是因为它在介词后面担任宾语的角色。
She is the mentor from whom I learned the most.
她是我从中学习到最多东西的导师。
EN： Passive Voice ('was built by'): The passive voice is used to emphasize the action or the object of the action (the building/structure 'it') rather than the doer. It is formed with 'be' verb + past participle, followed by 'by' to introduce the agent.
中文： 被动语态（was built by）：被动语态用于强调动作本身或动作的接受者（即代表建筑物的「it」），而非执行者。其结构为「be 动词 + 过去分词」，后接「by」来引出动作的执行者（工匠）。
The novel was written by a famous author.
这部小说是由一位著名的作家所写的。
EN： This sentence reflects a classic, formal architectural appreciation. In Western art history and architecture, especially during the Gothic or Renaissance periods, craftsmen and builders viewed their work not just as labor, but as a spiritual devotion to beauty and perfection. The use of formal grammar ('for whom') elevates the tone to match this noble sentiment.
中文： 這句話反映了經典且正式的建築美學欣賞。在西方藝術史與建築史中（特別是哥德式或文藝復興時期），工匠與建造者不僅將工作視為勞動，更視為對美與完美的精神奉獻。此處使用較為正式的語法結構（for whom），使整體語調顯得莊重高雅，以契合這種高尚的情懷。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas, and 'which' cannot be replaced by 'that'.
中文： 非限制性定语从句（使用 'which'）用于对先行词进行补充说明，该信息并非识别主体所必需。此类从句前后须加上逗号，且其中的关系代词 'which' 不能用 'that' 代替。
The hotel, which was built in 1920, has been fully renovated.
这家酒店（建于1920年）已经过全面翻新。
EN： The verb 'take' is commonly used to express the amount of time required to complete an action, often followed by a time duration and an infinitive verb ('to + verb').
中文： 动词 'take' 常用于表示完成某动作所需的时间，其后通常接时间长度与不定式（to + 动词）。
It took three hours to clean the kitchen.
打扫厨房花了三个小时。
EN： Preposition + Relative Pronoun ('in which'): This structure is a formal way to introduce a relative clause. 'In which' is used to modify a noun representing a place (here, 'a hall'), functioning similarly to the relative adverb 'where'.
中文： 「介词 + 关系代词」（in which）：这是一种较为正式的关系从句引导方式。「in which」用来修饰表示地点的名词（此处为「a hall」大厅），其功能相当于关系副词「where」。
This is the room in which the meeting will be held.
这是将要举行会议的房间。
EN： Locative Inversion (Place Adverbial Inversion): When a sentence begins with a prepositional phrase of place (like 'Inside'), the subject ('a hall...') and the verb ('is') can be inverted. This is often used in descriptive writing to create suspense or focus on the setting.
中文： 地点副词倒装（Locative Inversion）：当句子以表示地点的介词短语（如「Inside」）开头时，主语（a hall...）和动词（is）可以倒装。这常用于描写文体中，以营造悬念或将焦点放在场景上。
At the top of the hill stands an old church.
山顶上屹立着一座古老的教堂。
EN： The phrase 'honored guests' and the formal structure 'in which' reflect the grandeur of royal history. In European architecture, the 'Great Hall' was the central hub of a palace or castle, used for feasts, receiving emissaries, and displaying the host's power and hospitality.
中文： 「honored guests」（貴賓）一詞與「in which」的正式句式，共同烘托出皇家歷史的莊嚴感。在歐洲傳統建築中，「大廳」（Great Hall）是宮殿或城堡的核心區域，用於舉辦宴會、接見使節，並展示主人的權力與好客。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses with 'whose': Used to provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. 'Whose' is a possessive relative pronoun indicating that the following noun ('name') belongs to the antecedent ('the architect'). Commas are used before and after the clause.
中文： 非限定性关系从句与所有格关系代词「whose」：用于提供关于先行词（此处为「the architect」建筑师）的额外非必要信息。「whose」表示其后接的名词（name 名字）属于该先行词。此类从句前后需使用逗号隔开。
The writer, whose novel won the prize, is writing a new book.
那位小说获奖的作家正在写一本新书。
EN： Simple past tense for completed actions: The verb 'planned' is in the simple past tense, indicating a completed action that took place at a specific time in the past.
中文： 一般过去时表示已完成的动作：动词「planned」（规划）使用一般过去时，表示在过去特定时间点已经完成的动作。
She designed the garden last year.
她去年设计了这座花园。
EN： Preposition + Relative Pronoun ('through which'): In formal English, a preposition can be placed before the relative pronoun 'which' to introduce a relative clause. 'Through which' means 'by means of which' or 'passing through the windows'. This structure avoids ending the sentence with a preposition.
中文： 介词 + 关系代词（through which）：在正式英语中，介词可以置于关系代词「which」之前来引导定语从句。「through which」意为「透过这些（窗户）」。这种结构避免了将介词留在句末，使文体更正式。
She built a greenhouse in which rare flowers grow.
她建了一座温室，稀有的花朵在里面生长。
EN： Metaphorical Verb Usage ('paints'): The verb 'paint' is used here metaphorically to describe how sunlight casts light and patterns onto the floor, creating a visual image akin to an artist applying paint.
中文： 隐喻性动词用法（paints）：「paint」（绘制/着色）在此处作隐喻使用，用来描述阳光如何将光影与图案投射在地上，创造出如同艺术家作画般的视觉意象。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main clause by commas. If removed, the sentence still makes complete sense.
中文： 非限定性关系从句（使用 'which'）用于对先行词（名词）进行补充说明，提供额外且非必要的信息。此从句前后须用逗号与主句隔开，若将其省略，主句的意思依然完整。
The hotel, which was built in 1920, is being renovated.
这家建于 1920 年的旅馆目前正在整修中。
EN： The verb 'span' means to extend across or traverse a physical space, such as a river, road, or period of time. It is commonly used when describing bridges, arches, or historical eras.
中文： 动词 'span' 意为「横跨」或「跨越」某个物理空间（如河流、道路）或时间段。常用于描述桥梁、拱门或历史时期。
The old stone bridge spans the narrow canal.
那座古老石桥横跨着狭窄的运河。
EN： This sentence uses 'locative inversion' (or place adverbial inversion) where the adverbial of place 'Nearby' is placed at the beginning, followed by the verb 'is' and then the subject 'a garden'. This structure is used in written or literary English to create a vivid description or to introduce a new subject.
中文： 本句使用了「地点副词倒装」（Locative Inversion），将表示地点的副词「Nearby」置于句首，随后接动词「is」，最后才是主语「a garden」。这种结构常用于书面语或文学作品中，用以营造生动的画面感或引出新话题。
On the hill stands an ancient castle.
山丘上立着一座古老的城堡。
EN： The prepositional relative clause 'in which' is used to modify the noun 'garden'. 'In which' is a formal equivalent of 'where', indicating that the action in the relative clause happens inside that place.
中文： 介词加关系代词「in which」用来修饰先行词「garden」（花园）。「in which」是较为正式的用法，相当于关系副词「where」，表示关系从句中的动作发生在该空间之内。
This is the room in which the meeting will be held.
这就是举办会议的房间。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. If removed, the sentence still makes complete sense.
中文： 非限定性关系从句（使用 'which'）用于对先行词（名词）进行补充说明，提供非必要的额外信息。这类从句前后通常会加上逗号与主句隔开，若将其省略，主句的意思依然完整。
The old library, which was built in 1920, is being renovated.
这座建于 1920 年的老图书馆目前正在进行翻修。
EN： The verb 'connect' is often used with the pattern 'connect A and B' to show a relationship, link, or bridge between two distinct concepts, times, or places.
中文： 动词 'connect'（连接）常用于 'connect A and B'（连接 A 与 B）的句型中，用来表示两个不同的概念、时间或空间之间的关联、联系或桥梁。
EN： This sentence reflects a deep appreciation for historical architecture and cultural heritage, which is highly valued in many cultures as a physical bridge that connects modern society with its ancestral roots.
中文： 這句話反映了對歷史建築與文化遺產的深切讚賞。在許多文化中，古蹟被視為將現代社會與祖先根源連結在一起的實體橋樑，具有極高的精神與歷史價值。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses with 'whose' are used to provide extra, non-essential information about a person's or thing's possessions or characteristics. They are separated from the main clause by commas.
中文： 非限定性关系从句（使用关系代词所有格 'whose'）用于提供关于人或事物之所有物或特征的额外、非必要的补充说明。这类从句前后通常会加上逗号与主句隔开。
The artist, whose paintings are famous worldwide, attended the gallery opening.
那位画家（其画作闻名世界）出席了画廊的开幕仪式。
EN： The past simple tense of the verb 'shape' (shaped) is used here to describe a completed action in the past that has a lasting result.
中文： 动词 'shape'（塑造）的一般过去时（shaped）在此处用于描述过去已经完成、且产生深远影响的动作。
The ancient Greeks shaped modern philosophy.
古希腊人塑造了现代哲学。
EN： The phrase 'reached the sky' is a common English idiom and metaphor representing high ambition, grand vision, and limitless potential. It is often used in literature to describe architects, innovators, or dreamers whose work transcends ordinary limits.
中文： 英文片語 'reached the sky'（直達雲霄）是一個常見的比喻，象徵著遠大的抱負、宏偉的願景和無限的潛力。在文學中，這常用來形容建築師、創新者或夢想家，表達他們的作品超越了凡俗的界限。
EN： The phrase 'In the end' is a transitional idiom used to introduce a final conclusion, summary, or ultimate truth after considering all facts.
中文： 短语「In the end」是一个过渡短语，用于在考虑所有事实后，引出最终的结论、总结或终极真理，意为「归根结底」或「最终」。
In the end, love conquers all difficulties.
归根结底，爱能克服一切困难。
EN： The past participle phrase 'turned into stone' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'hope'. It is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'which is turned into stone'.
中文： 过去分词短语「turned into stone」（化为石头）在此作形容词用，修饰名词「hope」（希望）。这是一个简化定语从句，由「which is turned into stone」省略而来。
The artist showed us a piece of wood turned into a beautiful sculpture.
艺术家向我们展示了一块化为美丽雕塑的木头。
EN： This poetic quote reflects a deep appreciation for architecture, viewing it not just as functional engineering, but as the physical manifestation of human dreams, aspirations, and endurance across generations.
中文： 這句富有詩意的名言反映了對建築的深層欣賞。它將建築視為不僅僅是實用的工程，更是人類夢想、抱負以及跨世代韌性的具體物理呈現。
EN： Wh-questions in the simple past tense use the auxiliary verb 'did' followed by the subject and the base form of the main verb (infinitive without 'to'). Even though the action happened in the past, the main verb 'see' remains in its base form because 'did' already indicates the past tense.
中文： 一般过去时的 Wh- 疑问句（特殊疑问句）会使用助动词「did」，后接主语与主要动词的原形（不带 to 的不定式）。虽然动作发生在过去，但因为助动词「did」已经表达了过去时态，所以主要动词「see」必须保持原形。
What did you buy at the store?
你在商店买了什么？
EN： The comma followed by a proper noun at the end of the sentence is used for direct address (vocative case). It indicates who the speaker is talking to and is separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
中文： 在句子末尾，逗号后接专有名词用于「直接称呼」（呼格）。这表示说话者正在对谁说话，在书写时必须用逗号与句子的其他部分隔开。
Where are you going, Tom?
你要去哪里，汤姆？
EN： In English-speaking cultures, using a person's name (like 'Emma') in direct address is very common and helps to establish a friendly, personal connection during a conversation. It is not considered overly formal or intrusive.
中文： 在英語系國家中，在對話中直接稱呼對方的名字（如「艾瑪」）是非常常見的社交習慣，這有助於在對話中建立友善且個人化的連結，並不會被認為過於正式或唐突。
EN： The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces a possessive adjective (like 'its' or 'their') and connects a relative clause to a noun (the antecedent). In this sentence, 'whose walls' means 'the walls of the temple'.
中文： 关系代词「whose」用于表示所有格关系。它取代了所有格形容词（如 its 或 their），并将关系从句连接到先行词（名词）。在本句中，「whose walls」表示「这座寺庙的墙壁」。
I met an artist whose paintings are famous worldwide.
我认识了一位其画作闻名世界的艺术家。
EN： The passive voice construction 'be covered in/with' is used to describe a state where something is completely spread over or filled with another substance or object.
中文： 被动语态结构「be covered in/with」（被……覆盖/布满）用于描述某物表面完全被另一种物质或物体覆盖或填满的状态。
The mountain peaks are covered in snow all year round.
山顶终年被积雪覆盖。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas, and the relative pronoun 'which' is used for things (never 'that').
中文： 非限定性关系从句（又称非限制性关系从句）用于对名词添加额外的、非必要的补充说明。这类从句前后须使用逗号与主句隔开，且关系代词指代事物时必须使用 'which'（不可用 'that' 代替）。
The museum, which opened last year, is huge.
这间博物馆（去年开幕的）非常大。
EN： The verb 'take' is commonly used to express the amount of time required to complete an action or build something. In the past tense, 'took' indicates a completed duration in the past.
中文： 动词 'take' 常用于表示完成某个动作或建造某物所需的时间。过去式 'took' 表示过去已经完成的一段时间跨度。
The project took three months to complete.
这个项目花费了三个月的时间才完成。
EN： The structure 'preposition + relative pronoun' (in which) is used in formal English to introduce a relative clause. 'In which' functions as an adverbial of place, meaning 'inside the hall' (in the hall), modifying the noun 'hall'.
中文： 「介词 + 关系代词」（in which）常用于正式英语中，用来引导定语从句。这里的「in which」相当于地点状语，表示「在大厅里」（in the hall），用来修饰先行词「hall」（大厅）。
This is the room in which the meeting will be held.
这就是即将举行会议的房间。
EN： The simple past tense (welcomed) is used to describe completed actions that occurred at a specific time in the past, indicating that the kings' welcoming of guests is a historical fact.
中文： 一般过去时（welcomed）用于描述在过去特定时间已经完成的动作，在此表示国王们接待宾客是过去发生的历史事实。
The guide showed us the palace where ancient kings lived.
导游带我们参观了古代国王居住的宫殿。
EN： In European history, the 'great hall' was the main room of a royal palace or castle. It was a multifunctional space used for feasts, receiving important guests, and holding court, symbolizing the host's power and hospitality.
中文： 在歐洲歷史中，「大廳」（great hall）是皇宮或城堡中最核心的房間。這是一個多功能空間，用於舉行宴會、接待貴賓和朝廷議事，象徵著主人的權力和好客。
EN： The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces possessive adjectives (like 'his', 'her', 'their') and is always followed by a noun (in this case, 'ideas'). It connects two clauses, indicating that the noun following 'whose' belongs to the person or thing mentioned before it.
中文： 关系代词「whose」用于表示所有格（...的）。它用来代替所有格形容词（如 his、her、their），且后面必定紧跟着一个名词（在此句中为「ideas」）。它用来连接两个从句，表示「whose」后面的名词属于前面所提到的人或事物。
I know a writer whose books are very popular.
我认识一位他的书很受欢迎的作家。
EN： The past simple tense of the verb 'meet' is 'met', and 'amaze' is 'amazed'. They are used here to describe completed actions in the past. 'Amaze' is a transitive verb meaning to fill someone with surprise or wonder.
中文： 动词「meet」的过去式为「met」，「amaze」的过去式为「amazed」。这里使用一般过去时来描述过去已经完成的动作。「amaze」是一个及物动词，意思是使某人感到惊奇或惊叹。
The magician's tricks amazed the children.
魔术师的把戏让孩子们惊叹不已。
EN： Preposition + Relative Pronoun (Prep + Which): In formal English, a preposition (like 'through') can be placed before the relative pronoun 'which' to introduce a relative clause. This structure describes the relationship between the noun being modified ('windows') and the action in the clause ('sunlight pours through').
中文： 介词 + 关系代词（介词 + Which）：在正式英语中，介词（如 'through'）可以放在关系代词 'which' 之前来引导定语从句。此结构用来描述被修饰的名词（'windows'）与从句中动作（'sunlight pours through'）之间的关系。
This is the pen with which he wrote the novel.
这就是他用来写那部小说的笔。
EN： The verb 'pour' used intransitively: The verb 'pour' can mean to flow rapidly in a steady stream. When used intransitively (without a direct object), it describes natural elements like light or rain moving intensely into a space.
中文： 不及物动词 'pour' 的用法：动词 'pour' 可以表示（液体或光线）大量涌入或倾泻。当用作不及物动词（不接直接宾语）时，常用来描述阳光或雨水等自然元素强烈地洒落或流入某个空间。
Rain began to pour down on the streets.
雨开始倾盆般地降落在街道上。
EN： In literature and architectural descriptions, the phrase 'sunlight pours' is a common poetic personification. It evokes a sense of warmth, brightness, and natural beauty, highlighting the harmony between human craftsmanship (windows) and nature (sunlight).
中文： 在文學和建築描述中，「sunlight pours」（陽光傾瀉/灑落）是一種常見且具詩意的擬人化表達。它喚起溫暖、明亮與自然之美，強調了人類工藝（窗戶）與大自然（陽光）之間的和諧共存。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') provide extra, non-essential information about a noun and are separated by commas. If removed, the main sentence still makes complete sense.
中文： 非限定性关系从句（使用 'which'）用于提供关于名词的额外、非必要的补充信息，前后需使用逗号隔开。若将其省略，主句的意思依然完整。
The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting.
那本书（我昨天买的）非常有趣。
EN： Subject-verb agreement with a singular subject ('The bridge') requires a singular verb ('links') in the simple present tense.
中文： 单数主语（'The bridge'）与动词的一致性：在一般现在时中，单数主语必须搭配单数动词（'links'）。
The train, which runs daily, connects the two cities.
这班每日行驶的火车连接了这两座城市。
EN： This sentence uses a locative inversion (or place adverbial inversion) where the adverbial of place 'Nearby' is placed at the beginning, followed by the verb 'is' and then the subject 'a garden'. This structure is often used in descriptive writing to emphasize the location or to create a more dramatic, literary effect.
中文： 本句使用了地点副词倒装（Locative Inversion）。将表示地点的副词「Nearby」（附近）置于句首，随后接动词「is」，最后才是主语「a garden」。这种结构常用于描写文体中，用以强调地点或营造更具文学色彩的效果。
On the hill stands an old church.
山丘上屹立着一座古老的教堂。
EN： The phrase 'in which' is a relative pronoun structure ('preposition + which') used to introduce a relative clause modifying 'a garden'. 'In which' functions as 'where' in this context, indicating the location inside which the action of finding peace took place.
中文： 「in which」是「介词 + 关系代词」的结构，用来引导修饰「a garden」（花园）的关系从句。在此情境中，「in which」相当于关系副词「where」，表示在该空间内部「找到宁静」这一动作的发生地点。
This is the room in which the meeting will be held.
这就是举办会议的房间。
EN： In English literature and garden design history, gardens are often conceptualized as sanctuaries of peace, reflection, and spiritual restoration. The phrasing 'found peace' in a garden reflects this deep cultural association between nature and mental tranquility.
中文： 在英語文學與園藝設計歷史中，花園常被視為心靈避難所，象徵著寧靜、反思與精神的復甦。句中在花園裡「found peace（找到寧靜）」的說法，正反映了西方文化中自然與心靈平靜之間深厚的連結。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses with 'whose': This structure is used to provide extra, non-essential information about a noun (the possessor). It is separated from the main clause by commas. 'Whose' functions as a possessive relative pronoun, replacing 'their' in this context.
中文： 非限定性关系从句（使用 'whose'）：此结构用于对先行词（所有者）提供额外的、非必要的补充说明，前后需使用逗号与主句隔开。'Whose' 在此作为所有格关系代词，相当于 'their'。
The architect, whose design won the competition, was very proud.
那位建筑师非常自豪，他的设计赢得了这场比赛。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement in Relative Clauses: The verb in the relative clause must agree with the subject of that clause. Here, 'dreams' is plural, so the past tense plural verb 'were' is used.
中文： 关系从句中的主谓一致：关系从句中的动词必须与该从句的主语保持一致。在此处，'dreams'（梦想）为复数名词，因此搭配过去式复数动词 'were'。
The children, whose toys were broken, started to cry.
那些玩具坏了的孩子们开始哭了起来。
EN： The structure 'worth + -ing' is used to say that something is useful, interesting, or helpful enough to deserve a particular action. In this sentence, 'worth seeing' acts as an adjective phrase modifying the noun 'place'. Note that the active form '-ing' is used even though the meaning is passive (the place is being seen).
中文： 「worth + -ing」结构用于表示某事足够有用、有趣或有帮助，值得进行某个特定的动作。在本句中，「worth seeing」作为形容词短语修饰名词「place」。请注意，即使意义上是被动的（地方被观赏），这里仍使用主动的「-ing」形式。
This book is worth reading.
这本书值得一读。
EN： The verb 'stay' combined with the prepositional phrase 'in our hearts' metaphorically means to be remembered fondly or to leave a lasting impression. 'In our hearts' functions as an adverbial phrase of place modifying the verb 'stays'.
中文： 动词「stay」与介词短语「in our hearts」结合，比喻为被深切记住或留下持久的印象。「in our hearts」作为地点副词短语，修饰动词「stays」。
Her kind words will always stay in my mind.
她善良的话语将永远留在我的脑海中。
EN： The phrase 'stays in our hearts' is a common poetic expression in English literature and daily conversation, emphasizing emotional connection and lasting memory over physical presence. It is often used when talking about beautiful travel experiences, art, or loved ones.
中文： 「stays in our hearts」（留在我們心中）是英文文學和日常對話中常見的詩意表達方式，強調的是情感上的連結與持久的記憶，而非物理上的存在。這句話常用於談論美麗的旅行體驗、藝術或摯愛的人。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 建筑师，负责设计建筑物并监督其建造的专业人员。
在本文中： 寺庙，用于宗教仪式或祭祀的建筑物。
在本文中： 圆顶，半球形的屋顶结构。
在本文中： 雕刻品，在木头、石头等材料上雕刻出的图案或装饰。
在本文中： 数十年，十年的复数形式。
在本文中： 横跨，跨越（河流、道路等）。
在本文中： 行政区、区域，城市中具有特定特征的地区。
在本文中： 疲惫的，因劳累而感到身体或精神上疲倦的。
在本文中： 幸存、留存，经历时间或困境后依然存在。
在本文中： 建筑学、建筑风格，设计和建造建筑物的艺术与科学。
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
Existing or continuing through different historical periods.
跨越时空、历经时间考验
To change or develop into something different.
变成、转化为
Deserving of being looked at or visited because it is beautiful, interesting, or important.
值得一睹、值得一看